KslD.sys - Vulnerable (72/100) - DriverShield Analysis

Analysis of KslD.sys: vulnerable verdict, risk score 72/100. 2 YARA matches, 1/75 multi-engine detections. SHA256 2b3195346d9b62b0. Kernel imports, IOCTL codes, MITRE ATT&CK, and code-signing details.

KslD.sys - Analysis Report

DriverShield analyzed the Windows kernel driver KslD.sys and assigned a verdict of Vulnerable with a composite risk score of 72/100, indicating a known or likely vulnerability surface (60-79 band).

Verdict	Vulnerable (72/100)
YARA matches	2
Multi-engine detections	1 / 75
File size	330112 bytes
Code-signing signer	Microsoft Windows
Analyzed	2026-10-07
SHA256	2b3195346d9b62b08bb61bb61f0da20b2abb0c726186c09a2e4fa926baacbfc5
SHA1	b678371d2dac5ad2fcca014ded25e0cc7a74eed1
MD5	b316425d6f200244a25bd7b9998d9c43

Driver identity

Version resource data embedded in the KslD.sys PE header, as extracted by the analysis engine.

File description	KSLD
Product	Microsoft Malware Protection
Company	Microsoft Corporation
Original filename	KSLD.sys
Internal name	KSLD
File version	1.1.25041.64017 (5f4e0875c06cb7d3b67e5e7e4354b254dda9b0b4)
Copyright	© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

How the 72/100 score breaks down

Each component is scored 0-100 and then weighted into the composite. See the analysis methodology for the exact formula.

Component	Sub-score
Multi-engine consensus	0 / 100
YARA signature matches	35 / 100
Dangerous kernel imports	100 / 100
IOCTL dispatch surface	100 / 100
Known-vulnerable corpus	100 / 100
Code-signing state	80 / 100
Packing and entropy	0 / 100
Dynamic behaviour	0 / 100
CVE cross-reference	0 / 100

Kernel imports (31)

Kernel-mode APIs resolved from the Import Address Table of KslD.sys, ranked by exploitation relevance.

API	Risk	Why it matters
ZwMapViewOfSection	critical	Highly dangerous - potential for arbitrary code execution, memory corruption, or process termination
MmMapLockedPagesSpecifyCache	critical	Highly dangerous - potential for arbitrary code execution, memory corruption, or process termination
MmMapIoSpace	critical	Highly dangerous - potential for arbitrary code execution, memory corruption, or process termination
ZwOpenProcess	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
MmGetPhysicalAddress	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
PsLookupProcessByProcessId	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
MmGetSystemRoutineAddress	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
HalGetBusDataByOffset	high	Potentially dangerous - could be used for privilege escalation or security bypass
ZwQuerySystemInformation	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
ZwDeleteFile	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
KeBugCheckEx	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
ObReferenceObjectByHandle	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
NtQuerySystemInformation	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
ZwDeleteKey	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
MmUnmapIoSpace	medium	Moderate risk - system modification capability
ZwReadFile	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
KeSetEvent	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
ZwOpenKey	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
ZwClose	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
ZwQueryInformationFile	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
ZwQueryValueKey	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
ExAllocatePoolWithTag	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
DbgPrintEx	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
KeInitializeEvent	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign
KeDelayExecutionThread	low	Standard kernel API - generally benign

Showing the 28 highest-relevance imports of 31 resolved.

IOCTL dispatch codes (39)

Control codes reachable through the driver dispatch routine. Codes tied to published exploit code are flagged, since they are the primary Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) entry points.

Code	Severity	Transfer	Description
0x0080B63B	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #3470
0x0080E903	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2624
0x0080A383	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2272
0x0080808B	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #34
0x00347263	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_DISK Function #3224
0x0022011F	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #71
0x00220123	high	METHOD_NEITHER	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #72
0x002200F0	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #60
0x00802484	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2337
0x0080BB89	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #3810
0x0080938D	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #1251
0x0080248C	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2339
0x0034B941	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_DISK Function #3664
0x0034A845	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_DISK Function #2577
0x00802824	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2569
0x008086B9	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #430
0x00802494	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2341
0x00809F21	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #1992
0x0080AF89	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #3042
0x0022358D	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #3427
0x0080249C	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_CUSTOM Function #2343
0x00228FE8	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #1018
0x0022BA00	medium	METHOD_BUFFERED	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #3712
0x0022BA11	medium	METHOD_IN_DIRECT	FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN Function #3716

Showing 24 of 39 extracted control codes.

PE sections

Section layout and Shannon entropy. High entropy in a code section is a packing or encryption indicator.

Section	Virtual size	Raw size	Entropy	Flags
.text	0x3BD6F	0x3C000	6.32	CODE, EXEC, READ
awesome	0x0009	0x0400	0.1	CODE, EXEC, READ
.rdata	0xA16C	0xA400	5.06	IDATA, READ
.data	0x10F8	0x0400	0.55	IDATA, READ, WRITE
.pdata	0x2C70	0x3000	5.19	IDATA, READ
PAGE	0x0547	0x0800	4.67	CODE, EXEC, READ
INIT	0x1516	0x1800	5.74	CODE, EXEC, READ, DISCARD
.rsrc	0x0448	0x0800	2.1	IDATA, READ, DISCARD
.reloc	0x1818	0x1C00	6.11	IDATA, READ, DISCARD

Exploit mitigations

Control Flow Guard	Enabled
ASLR	Enabled
DEP	Enabled
Integrity check	Enforced
Mitigation score	90 / 100

CFG Enabled - Control Flow Guard is active - indirect calls are validated against a bitmap of valid targets at runtime.
ASLR Enabled - Address Space Layout Randomization is active - base address is randomized on each load.
DEP/NX Enabled - Data Execution Prevention is active - non-executable pages cannot be executed.
Expired Certificate - The driver is signed but the certificate has expired. Windows may still load it depending on revocation policy.
Force Integrity - IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_FORCE_INTEGRITY is set - the OS validates the signature before loading.

YARA rule matches (2)

Rule	Severity	Detects
PUA_VULN_Driver_Microsoftcorporation_Ksld_Microsoftmalwareprotection_2B31	medium	Detects vulnerable driver mentioned in known-vulnerable driver corpus project using VersionInfo values from the PE header - KslD.sys, MpKslDrv.sys. Investigate matches in context: expected filenames o...
SUSP_PhysMem	high	Physical memory mapping

MITRE ATT&CK techniques (19)

Techniques this driver could enable if loaded by an adversary.

ID	Technique	Tactic
T1003	OS Credential Dumping	Credential Access
T1003.001	OS Credential Dumping: LSASS Memory	Credential Access
T1006	Direct Volume Access	Defense Evasion
T1014	Rootkit	Defense Evasion
T1055.001	Process Injection: DLL Injection	Defense Evasion
T1055.012	Process Hollowing	Defense Evasion
T1068	Exploitation for Privilege Escalation	Privilege Escalation
T1071	Application Layer Protocol	Command and Control
T1211	Exploitation for Defense Evasion	Defense Evasion
T1489	Service Stop	Impact
T1542.001	Pre-OS Boot: System Firmware	Persistence
T1543.003	Windows Service	Persistence
T1553.002	Subvert Trust Controls: Code Signing	Defense Evasion
T1562.001	Impair Defenses	Defense Evasion
T1562.006	Indicator Blocking	Defense Evasion
T1564.001	Hidden Files and Directories	Defense Evasion
T1569.002	Service Execution	Execution
T1601	Modify System Image	Defense Evasion
T1652	Device Driver Discovery	Discovery

Code-signing chain

Signer	Microsoft Windows
Signer organisation	Microsoft Corporation
Issuer	Microsoft Windows Production PCA 2011
Serial	33000004A882E6B8AC1C5D5FF00000000004A8
Valid from	2024-09-12 20:04 UTC
Valid until	2025-09-11 20:04 UTC (expired)
Signature validity	Not verified

Certificate revision: 0x0200
Certificate type: PKCS#7
Chain: Microsoft Windows Production PCA 2011

Symbolic execution

Engine angr, status timeout, 67 paths explored at a maximum depth of 67. Vulnerability classes reached: 0. Exploitable paths: 11.

Corpus match: this hash is present in the known-vulnerable driver corpus DriverShield cross-references during analysis, which is why the score carries a full weighting on that component.

Frequently asked questions about KslD.sys

Is KslD.sys safe?

Based on DriverShield static and dynamic analysis, KslD.sys is flagged as vulnerable and is a potential Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) risk. Its composite risk score is 72/100 (verdict: vulnerable). Always validate findings independently before acting.

What is the risk score of KslD.sys?

KslD.sys has a DriverShield composite risk score of 72/100, placing it in the vulnerable verdict band. SHA256: 2b3195346d9b62b08bb61bb61f0da20b2abb0c726186c09a2e4fa926baacbfc5.

What is KslD.sys?

KslD.sys is a Windows kernel-mode driver (.sys) analyzed by DriverShield for vulnerabilities, BYOVD abuse potential, and malware indicators. It is code-signed by Microsoft Windows.